What are they?
Executive functions are higher order cognitive processes that assist in managing oneself to achieve a goal. This can include skills related to general organization and planning, working memory, flexible thinking, inhibition and self-regulation, and problem-solving. Executive functions change throughout childhood and adolescence and are receptive to intervention.
Although there are different models of executive functions, one common framework groups them into Hot Executive Functions (skills needed when emotions run high), and Cool Executive Functions (skills used when emotions are not involved).
Hot Executive Functions(Affects motivational processing; associated with emotional regulation) |
Cool Executive Functions(Abstract, de-contextualized processes; closely associated with academic performance) |
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When do you use them?
Executive functioning skills develop from childhood into adulthood. These skills become increasingly important with age to navigate school, relationships, vocation, etc. Students are required to use executive functioning skills throughout their day both within and outside of the classroom.
Weak executive function is a common characteristic in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder .Difficulty paying attention, planning and carrying out work, memorizing information, starting tasks, transitioning between tasks, and regulating emotions are all signs of executive function difficulties.
When students have executive function deficits, strategies may involve changing the environment and/or teaching skills and routines through prompting, cueing and repetition so that over time they can use the skills independently.
What strategies are available?
Hot Executive Functions
Shifting & Flexibility
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Initiation
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Self-Monitoring
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Inhibition and Emotional Control
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Cool Executive Functions
Planning & Organization
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Working Memory
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Sustaining Attention
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For more strategies and information on Executive Functions, refer to the POPARD handout
Related Resources:
Cooper-Kahn, J. & Dietzel, L. (2008). Late, lost and unprepared: A parent’s guide to helping children with executive functioning: MD: Woodbine House Publishing
Dawson, P. & Guare, R. (2004). Executive skills in children & adolescents: A practical guide to assessment and intervention. NY: Guildford Press
Dawson, P. & Guare, R. (2009). Smart but scattered: The revolutionary “executive skills” approach to helping kids reach their potential. NY: Guildford Press